The other group includes ýDiplomystus (Upper Cretaceous-Eocene) and ýArmigatus (Upper Cretaceous), which are united by a single homoplaseous character (presence of a posteriorly expanded third hypural, leaving no gap between hypurals 2 and 4): this character also occurs in pristigasteroids, ýErichalcis, osteoglossids, some elopomorphs (ýLebanichthys lewisi, and most Albula spp.), and a number of ostariophysans not included in our analysis. ýScutatuspinosus may also belong in this group. These taxa are united by strongly sculptured, skull-roofing bones with ridges radiating from the growth center, and a dorsal scute ornament of prominent ridges. One group (subfamily ýParaclupeinae of Chang and Grande, 1997), known only from the Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Albian), includes ýParaclupea, ýEllimmichthys, and ýEllimma. In the present work, two monophyletic groups are identified within the ýParaclupeidae. ýParaclupeidae are known from the Lower Cretaceous to the middle Eocene. Consequently, ýEllimma branneri is classified here within the family ýParaclupeidae. Dorsal scute 'wings' are expanded and subrectangular in ýEllimma and other members of the family ýParaclupeidae Chang and Chou (1977), approximately equal to ýEllimmichthyidae Grande (1982a). ýEllimma branneri was formerly classified within the Clupeiformes, but it lacks derived characters of clupeiforms and clupeoids. "Two extinct clupeomorphs, ýEllimma branneri from the Cretaceous of Brazil and ýDiplomystus shengliensis from the Eocene of China, are redescribed.
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